Should Juvenile Offenders Be Treated Like Adults?

Should insubstantial Offenders Be Treated Like Adults?This paper is intend to in machinate readers on the history behind the teenage evaluator establishment, the severeness of the new-fashi bingled offender problem, the pros and cons of proveing new-fangleds as bounteouss, and views on the finale penalisation concerning new-fangleds. This paper allow as well as go away professional views as to wherefore teens should non be tried as self-aggrandisings. Studies wee-wee shown that trying jejunes as self-aggrandisings is non alleviate detrimental to their well be totally mickle cause irreparable damage to them psychologic totallyy and physically. Statistics preserve been provided that state that a new-fashioned that enters an mature prison will be innerly or physically abused during the first week.For well-nigh of the twentieth century, the condemnable subroutine of teenages has been separate from adults and intended to be in compriseal and confiden tial. However, the reality was that in lead for these benefits, upstarts would receive few legal corrects and protections. In the 1960s, when constitutional due butt against rights were revised for adults, the print of procedural due process for new offenders became much prominent. As the insipid horror rate has annexd, in that respect has been a call response to prosecute teens accused of heartbreaking offensives as adults. With the number of insipid offenders developing so has the severity of their hatreds. Regard slight(prenominal) of their age, the public expresses that those guilty of serious crimes should receive a serious punishment.This paper will show that lates should not be tried as adults because of lack of due date, exposure to negative crustal plate environments, improper adult supervision, and opportunities to reconstruct. Evidence will demonstrate that at that place be multiple philosophies and measures being set into motion to help deter crim e involving juveniles, first and foremost, and treatments, methods and psychological personnel put into place to help rehabilitate juveniles from committing offenses. The pros and cons of trying juveniles as adults will to a fault be discussed, showing that the cons outgo the pros drastically.When creating the outline of our countrys arbitrator system, our founding fathers likely did not think to the highest degree the consequences of crimes committed by juveniles. At that time, children were adopted their p bents property. When they committed a crime, their punishment was aban by agency ofd at the discretion of their p atomic number 18nts. It is realistic to say that our founding fathers would hold never considered severe punishments for young tribe. They believed that children were vulnerable, fragile, innocent and in need of protection and down the stairsstanding. upstart procedures in the unify States beat become more adult standardised for all offenders. The jud ge system has adopted more compelling guidelines for juveniles, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as, mandatory or decisive sentences and more frequent transfers of juvenile offenders to adult philanders. The twenty-first century has brought more signifi batht changes in the utilization of the formulate together States Juvenile justness Policy. Changes that ar being referred to as the demonstrable increase in juvenile offenders being prosecuted and sentenced as if they were adults.From the start of the Juvenile Justice System, an important terminal point has been set separating juveniles from pitiful homage. This boundary comes in the form of a justification that in that location argon important psychological variances amongst juveniles and adults and these differences be incited by the normal process of mental outgrowth, age-relation, and legal relevance. Nevertheless, this boundary is only infringed in serious causal agents of disregard and when the juveniles age approa ches the limit of the juvenile courts jurisdiction.Every state in the united States allows juveniles to be tried as adults in wrong court under veritable conditions. There ar three general components that are used to achieve these conditions first, there is the discriminatory Waiver, where a juvenile court estimate whitethorn transfer the case to criminal court establish on a variety of conditions, including the serious-mindedness of the offense, the maturity of the juvenile, and the likeliness that the juvenile will be rehabilitated. This foundation exists in most states with minimal differences in respect to the age limit for transfers. In other states, a presumptive waiver process is followed, whereas, it is assumed beguile to transfer a juvenile to criminal court unless the juvenile weed prove that they postulate the ability to be rehabilitated. The final decision pipe down is up to the judge but the burden of proof is on the juvenile.Second, there is Direct File fre quently referred to as Prosecutorial Discretion. A prosecutor at his discretion can file charges in either juvenile or criminal court. Finally, there is the Statutory Exclusion, aroundtimes called Legislative Exclusion, Mandatory Transfer, or Automatic Transfer. In jurisdictions where this is recognized, certain categories of juveniles are automatically sent to criminal court. Age of the juvenile and the type of offense is the determination of these categories. Some states do allow what is called a reverse waiver, where a criminal court judge can transfer a case back to juvenile court based on characteristics of the offender and the offense. Similar to the cases of presumptive waiver at heart the juvenile court, the burden of proof in reverse waiver cases lies with the offender.The juvenile judge system in the unite States has bearn on a type of adjustment during the last several decades following the claim that juvenile offenders have certain the same equal rights as adult offenders. In every jurisdiction of the United States, juvenile justice reforms have stragglingly progressed with some jurisdictions being hesitant to change their juvenile codes and legal structures. tete-a-tete provokes have increasingly influenced the juvenile justice system. They are raising spare-time activity intermiticularly in the correctional area. While this interest has shown to be helpful, provide constructive criticism, and also provide economical alternatives to public handgrip of juveniles, their interest has further made an already complicated juvenile justice system worse.Parens patriae has been described by some motives as the bedrock foundation of justifying the juvenile courts (Watkins, 1987). The juvenile justice system has proceeded largely according to the doctrine, parens patriae, as intervention in the lives of children violating certain statutory integritys. some(prenominal) interventions have gradually been done away with when trying to meet the real needs of children and helping to struggled criminal prosecutions. These take the intervention of due process, great prosecutorial presence in juvenile court proceedings, and the courts functions that all together comprise the juvenile courts more criminalized. toss out in the context of parens patriae as the family model of juvenile justice, which is found to have promised more that it can deliver. Watkins (1987) observes that the original child savers failed to foresee the inevitable engagement between the rehabilitative dogmas of parens patriae and the social, political, and economic forces of todays culture that promote just desert. Thus, Watkins (1987) notes, juvenile lawfulnesss and the authority of juvenile courts have not only failed, but have been, in turn, undermined by and then allied with political, social, and economic forces at war with the rehabilitative ideal characteristic of early juvenile jurisprudence.Despite the fact that juvenile court has for the most part been traditionally a courteous proceeding, various types of court reforms, sentencing changes, evidentiary standards, and modifications of juvenile rights are moving it into a more criminal format. Proposals are being offered by different professionals to fall in the United States Court Systems and combine juvenile and criminal actions into one process. Those that discord with court unification argue that the juvenile justice system should be held in tact counterbalance though they too favor certain reforms. Often these reforms emphasize greater accountability for ones actions, regardless of age.The just deserts philosophy is well known in umteen juvenile courts. The rehabilitative treatment centered philosophy, that has dominated the criminal justice system for part of the twentieth century, has gradually delivern way to the justice philosophy. The justice philosophy is associated with fierceer punishments and handing down penalties for offenders according to the seriousness of their crimes. While a broader range of rights are being given to juveniles in juvenile courts, repetitive and serious juveniles are being moved to adult courts by the way of transfers and waiver.Measures that are being used today indoors the juvenile justice system to geological fault down on juveniles include greater use of keep and the greater use of waivers to criminal courts. Overcrowding in juvenile cargo hold centers should be a consideration even though it is expected and inevitable. The use of probation and parole is considered to be the first and last solution to this problem. Placing limits on population in custody facilities sets precedence in system adjustments and responses that impact in various ways the juvenile justice system as a whole.In all jurisdictions, pre-adjudication detention of juveniles is legally recognized. Those juveniles transferred to criminal courts are in an unpleasant office of being placed in jails, prisons, or detention cent ers with adults, where the risk of sexual assault is great and the exposure to criminal activity, even in a prison setting, is severe. In several jurisdictions, the changing of laws requires instant transfers of juveniles to adult criminal courts. ace example is the Juvenile Offender Law of New York passed in 1978. This law provides instant transfers of juveniles to criminal court, when specific serious offenses are alleged. This law has also been passed in Illinois. Assessments of these instant transfer laws suggest that juveniles are held for all-night periods of time while awaiting trial and that the services usually available to them in juvenile courts are nonexistent in adult proceedings. The loss of expensive services and the greater detention time while awaiting trail can be detrimental to juveniles and also show that the cost of transferring juveniles to adult courts out-of-the-way(prenominal) outweighs the potential financial and social benefits.Critics state that juven ile courts express that numerous current administrative expectations and operations are almost non-existent from those in adult criminal courts. Also, procedural screenings available in juvenile courts are less than satisfactory than those given to alleged adult offenders in criminal courts. Unquestionably, juveniles are considered to have the worst of both worlds.In most United States jurisdictions, there are currently many dispositional options available to juvenile judges. Several of these options include unofficial probation, referral to specific community agencies, warnings or case dismissals, waivers, detention hearings, and conditional punishments, such as community service and restitution. In Columbia County, Georgia, fellow juries exist as an essential element of diversion programs, the program is object to hear charges against youths and adjudicate them according to the evidence presented. The peer juries consist of five jurors under the age of seventeen, who are train ed by juvenile court staff. Jury selections are made available through a list of these eligible youths. These peer juries have been proven to be capable of cock-a-hoop appropriate punishments in both non-serious and serious cases.In past decades, a gradual disapproval with the criminal justice system has occurred. Citizens have received a strong degree of distrust with law enforcement, the courts, and corrections, and their abilities to process, punish, and manage offenders. The United States Supreme Court has required law enforcement officers to adhere to firmer standards in efficaciously qualification arrests of suspected criminals, as well as, in their procedures pertaining to seizing incumbent evidence against these suspects. Ninety percent of all criminal convictions are obtained through plea bargains instead of going to trial and the use of probation as a sentence alternative is as high as seventy percent in several jurisdictions, also most offenders who are incarcerated serve only a portion of their sentences and are conditionally released on parole to exempt overcrowding. The public has voiced a concern of how lax our criminal justice system has become towards offenders, and also how ubiquitous the entire system is.One reaction to this laxity has been the arrival of the get hardy lawsuit, brought well-nigh by modifications made to sentences imposed on adults convicted of serious crimes. These sentences may include monthlong prison terms, heavier fines and other monetary penalties. There has been a noticeable spillover of this movement into the juvenile justice system.Despite trends and estimates of juvenile offense patterns and inconsistencies and inconclusive statistics, juvenile court reform has been exasperated and continued into the 1990s. It also shows few signs of decreasing. Although the get tough policy toward juveniles is supported by most jurisdictions, greater detention times and incarceration of youths has not proven to be a reme dy for rehabilitating them or reducing their regression. Because of inconsistencies in study findings and familiar outcomes of detention programs, such as, therapeutic juvenile interventions, many states are currently reexamining their detention policies for minors and reducing their reliance on detention as a form of punishment.Among the critical factors that have modifyd to these inconsistencies and distinctive juvenile offense trends, there has been a disappointment with naturalized juvenile treatments such as diversion, probation, short-term detention and parole, an apparent psychological collateral of juvenile force that rests beyond the boundaries of conventional treatment methods, and a assortment of descriptive and reporting methods and the changing of laws within jurisdictions as consistent means of documenting deviating juveniles.Compared to adult courts, juvenile courts are funfairly limited to the types of sanctions they may impose for even the most violent juvenil e offenders. Criminal courts in a majority of jurisdictions may impose the terminal penalty on adult offenders convicted of capital crimes. No United States Juvenile Court has this type of jurisdiction and sanctioning option available. Even detention sanctions that may be applied by juvenile judges have certain structural limitations.Once juveniles reach a certain age, xviii in some states and twenty-one in others, they are no long-lived within the parameters of juvenile courts and in most instances leave the juvenile system. They also now have clean records as adults. Their juvenile records are not necessarily dismissed, but for all pragmatic purposes they begin their adult vivification with no criminal record.When decisions made by juvenile judges are examined, to rig the nature and types of punishments reviewed when juvenile offenders are adjudicated as a delinquent, these decisions often show a pattern of leniency. These leniencies may come from reluctance to contribute to labeling juvenile offenders as delinquent. However, it is often traced to additional factors such as prison overcrowding, excessive probation officer caseloads, the lack of adequate juvenile monitoring programs and methods to keep track of increasing numbers of youthful offenders. It also may be a simple matter of not being able to hand the imposition of costly punishments whenever they are demanded. The difficulty of these situations puts judges in a complicated position and they are left to have to deal with juveniles leniently, even the violent ones.Many of the same views are shared and raised concerning when juveniles are sent into adult courts and the differences about distinguishing their ages and that it may leave them inadequate to retain themselves in those courts. Current discussions about transfer policies are commonly not about the offenders attributes but about the gravity of the act and the juveniles harmfulness. These factors are based on the age or maturity of the offender. As the juvenile justice policy, which mainly focused on offenders has recently shifted to an offense based focus. Several issues have arisen as part of the transfer cable. These include moral, legal, political, and practical issues.It should also be stated and not forgotten that the fact that some crimes are committed by individuals are not developmentally mature. There should be a boundary between adults and adolescents when it comes to punishment. From a developmental psychology perspective, a fair punishment for an adult may not be fair when given to a juvenile who does not run across the consequences of their actions, severity of their crime or who was unable to gain control over their behavior.The ways that throng interpret and apply laws should lawfully differ when the case involves a defendant who has limited projecting of the law because of intellectual immaturity or who has afflicted judgment because of emotional immaturity. When the offender is of a young a ge, the presumptions and outcomes of administering a harsh punishment vary differently when the juvenile is an adult. Opinions of people may differ, but age should be considered in decisions concerning transfer, adjudication, and sentencing. This is to say that if one is willing to get laid that the age of the offender does matter, an un-biased developmental perspective is needed to make communicate decisions about age should be taken into account (Steinberg, 2000).More stress should be placed on the age a juvenile should be onwards transferring to adult court. Juveniles younger than thirteen should remain in juvenile court regardless of the crime. It is a belief that regardless of the nature of their offense, individuals under the age of thirteen should be viewed as juveniles due to mental capableness and maturity. Also, it is appropriate to conclude that the majority of juveniles older than sixteen are not that much different from adults in ways that would prohibit fair adjud ication within the criminal justice system. The difference among juveniles between the ages of thirteen and sixteen requires that some sort of individualized assessment be finished of the offender to determine competence to stand trial, blameworthiness, and admittance to treatment be made before reaching a transfer decision. If the justice system does not consider age as a factor, then boundaries are drawn. Research completed on juvenile developments strongly stands against transfer policies that are based on the offense rather than the offender and argues that policies based on the offender allows the justice system to exercise judgment about a juvenile offenders maturity level and eligibility for transfer. It is considered a bad policy legislatively from a developmental perspective to transfer cases based solely on the offense.Unfortunately, this undesirable policy is becoming increasingly common. The contradiction of utilizing a developmental perspective in the analysis of trans fer policies is that the exercise makes known the characteristic inadequacies of the policies that draw obvious distinctions between adolescence and adulthood. An analysis of the developmental literature definitely shows that a difference among adolescents of a given chronological age is the rule rather than the exception. Steinberg (2000) calls for a fair transfer policy to accommodate such variability as recommendations from developmental perspectives. One way to do this is to make sure that judges, juries, and law personnel have solid and complete background information about a juvenile and their adolescent development and the flexibility of utilizing this information when qualification decisions about a juveniles fate that may have lifelong consequences. As for the flexibility, one can only rely on the wisdom of policymakers. academic session next to a juvenile on trial in an adult courtroom provides numerous reminders that, regardless of what that juvenile has been involved in , they are still a child. Defendants are supposed to elect whether they want a instrument panel or a judge trial, a serious decision that requires weigh many factors (Nakaya, 2005). Even though, defendants are generally required to assist with their justification and advised their attorneys in different aspects of their cases, a juvenile will probably decide on a jury member because of their dress twine or because they may look like someone they know.The juvenile justice system is supposed to concentrate on reforming youth offenders not let them rot behind bars (Nakaya, 2005). Rehabilitation is the key when it comes to juveniles. They do not have the maturity level, knowledge or self-control that we would see in an adult offender. It can be said that juveniles do not understand the consequences of their actions. When juveniles are sent to adult court, the background of why they may have committed these dramatic or dangerous acts needs to be evaluated to understand why they commi tted their crime. Often there are extenuating sight from a juveniles past that has contributed to the why.Juveniles are not adults by any means and trying them in a court of law does not make them one. When juveniles are tried in adult criminal court, it does not give them the privileges of voting or drinking. They are still minors. They are developmentally less mature and responsible, more impulsive, erratic and vulnerable to negative peer pressure. As human beings, they are still active works in progress. crossways the country, the responses of lawmakers, in regards to the rise in violent juvenile crimes, have been to make water stricter laws. Many states have passed laws making it easier to try and convict a juvenile as an adult and have also toughen penalties for juveniles with guns. Some states have also developed training prisons for young offenders and a new federal official crime bill tries to deter juvenile crime by making it a federal crime for anyone under age eighteen to purchase, possess, or use a gun. Supporters of these laws voice that the punishment fit the crime, even if the crime is committed by a juvenile. On June 16th, 1944, South Carolina executed George Stinney. He was fourteen years old, the youngest person ever executed in the United States. Stinney, who was black, was convicted of hiting two white girls, Betty Binnicker, and Mary Emma Thames, with a railroad spike. His trial lasted only three hours, and the all white jury deliberated for only ten minutes before sentencing him to death by electric chair. At Stinneys execution, the prison guards had a difficult time strapping him into the chair. During the electrocution process, the electric jolt agitate the mask off his head. Is this really the way juveniles should be treated. The death penalty is not an option when trying juveniles for serious crimes. It is not only libertine but also inhuman.When it comes to death penalty issues, scientists views are that a juveniles sensation changes dramatically and this may be accountable for hasty and often ludicrous behavior of some juveniles demonstrating that adolescents are less liable than adults. This is strongly countered by victim advocacy groups claiming that it is just an effort by the community that opposes the death penalty to use science in debating their positions. Most juveniles who commit come to realize that their actions were fallacious because they often try to hide or crush evidence in order to avoid getting caught. Additionally, most family members of murder victims do not think a persons age, at the time of the crime, should outcome in a lighter sentence. Focusing on the heinousness of the crime, many people have no regards to how old the offender is.Problems that occur within the family setting of juveniles that have an impact of crimes they commit include divorce or separation, working single parents, single parent families, lack of adult supervision, enate rejection of the juvenile, juven ile rejection of the parent, and the different views between parents and teens increases the risk that the teen may try to distance themselves from the parents in order to establish their own self. Other problems that may occur and cause juveniles to become delinquent are children spending more time with their friends than family, gangs or peer acceptance, drugs and weapons use have increased among juveniles as a way to solve their problems, illicit and explicit sexuality and violence in the media, and also the impact the media has influenced with the introduction of computers and violent video games. Who should be held liable for the negligent behavior a juvenile commits, the parents or purchase order? It is believed that parents, who knowingly or recklessly allow their children to commit crimes of violent natures, should be held legally liable. Today without special educational programs in child development and parenting groups many of our future parents will contribute to juveni le delinquency by merely not knowing how to be parents.In order to take a stand on the subject, the pros and cons of the argument on whether juveniles should be punished the same way as adults are judicious and worth reviewing. developmental research should be heard and considered even though policies on juvenile justice have become tougher against juvenile offenders. On the other hand, people pushing for tougher punishments on juveniles have already succeeded for the most part with most states in the United States adopting a more disciplinary response to juvenile offenders and their offenses. Studies have shown that harsher penalties and punishments for juveniles do not necessarily result in cut crime rates when the juveniles complete their sentences and are released back into the world. Trying juveniles as adults may be doing more harm than good.This research paper, on one hand, appreciates the progressive responses of the juvenile law on offenders despite the get tough policy t hat gathers resistance and argument. While many have argue that it is right for a juvenile to be punished as an adult, this author disagrees that the United States laws on juvenile justice has not provided an equal response to the growing concern of juvenile offenders. It is unconstitutional to include juveniles as adults in adult courts because children lack cognizance of the crimes in which they have committed. The population should be unselfish and offender-focused at certain times about this juvenile justice argument. The author also found reasonable argument of recommending a uniform juvenile justice policy by specifying age limits for juvenile transfers. This is for the reason that there is an apparent unspecified offenders age homogeneous to all jurisdictions on this matter. through specification of a juveniles age, the boundary that was once posted between juveniles and adults will be somehow redefined. In this way, we are taking stances from both sides of the argument wit h an aim of suggesting a better solution to this critical contemporary issue of juvenile offending.

McDonalds Leadership and Management

McDonalds Leadership and ManagementWhen McDonalds opened its doors for business, a new trend of fast nutriment emerged in California, back in 1954. Ray Kroc laid the foundation of what is now genius of the worlds leading food retailers. McDonalds has more than 32,000 restaurants in more than 100 countries serving more than 60 million people every day. Catering to such a round customer base and extending its roots in other countries was not an easy task, strong set and effective management were the prerequisites required to make the high society where it stands today.Since its inception, McDonalds has been actively engaged in innovating and body-building strong customer relations. From a reach of few restaurants to rightes and drive thru restaurants, McDonalds has lived up to its promise of maintain contrivance for its customers. Highlighting the advert success argonas, McDonalds label the experience as the major(ip) determinant (Long, 2006). The core part of their busine ss is QSC V. QSC V stand for type, service, cleanliness and values. dialect on these factors with effective implementation through four management functions is what constitutes the major ingredients for McDonalds success.Functions of ManagementManagement is cr take inive problem solving with the desired bequeathant of using organizational resources in a way that accomplishes its mission and objectives. These resolvings are obtained by four management functions to which we turn next in background with the McDonalds.Planning is the ongoing process of developing the business mission and objectives and find out how they will be accomplished. McDonalds shares its ideas through its well developed vision. This vision contention gos as the binding glue between the employees worldwide. They every aim to serve their customers by giving them the best reference products at their convenience. This vision avouchment clearly indicates the future of the organization. At McDonalds ever y employee knows where they are heading towards and what their individualist contribution. The vision acts as the binding force which gives the employees a sense of calculate and commitment. The second aspect of cooking is to have a clear delimit mission. McDonalds mission statement is to be our customers favorite place and way to eat (Dentch, 2009). This mission defines their business and their place in the life of its customers.Planning at McDonalds identify the goals and objectives and develop their strategies and tasks to accomplish these goals. Planning at McDonalds is aligned with the changes in the external environment it also faced many challenges like topical anaesthetic taste of people, cultural values, and traditions of specific area in which they want to enter. The provision process maintained the core values at all franchisees, til now the local demands were taken into account to indulge in their culture completely. Strategies were modify to suit the call for o f the area in which they entered. This was reflected in the operations as well as the resource utilization.One aspect that highlights McDonalds effective planning is how they manage their supply chains. Timely delivery and quality raw materials were the result of establishing good relations with the supply chain partners.As a result of this strategic planning, McDonalds went into the business of a 24/7 restaurants. This was to match the demands of the all types of customers and to boost the profits by extending the store hours. This was accompanied with introducing breakfast at McDonalds which further added to the menu. McDonalds was now offering all three meals of the day on and was thinking along the lines of adding snacks to the menu. With clearly defined purpose of the business, embedded values that dictate the vision and emphasis on the role of planning, McDonalds is able to pass sustainable profits.Organizing is establishing the internal organizational organize of the organ ization. The concentrate on is on division, coordination, and control of tasks and the flow of information within the organization. It is in this function that managers distribute imprimatur to job holders. in todays society it is important that management considers the employees and customers as the just about important asset of the organization. Having a rigid structure undermines the creativity of the employees, thereof the culture of empowerment and delegation is what currently prevails in the competitive environment. McDonalds uses the cooperative management approach which connects all the global franchisees worldwide under the comprehensive of single company name (Long, 2006). Management encourages the practice of working and assisting with to each one others franchisees to deliver the best to their customers by coping up with external challenges and representing a collaborative responsible culture. In order to ensure consistent quality, the standards are uniform for a ll franchises.Thus a centralized structure prevails in terms of training programs, supplies and operations. The formal structure at McDonalds divides the organization in the departments and every individual knows his tasks well at which he needs to be specialized. However, these standard procedures do not give rise to bureaucratic inflexibleness in the organization each employee is committed to achieve their goals. The organizational structure chosen supports the military operation and is aligned with the strategy of the restaurant of providing consistent quality and great service experience.Leadership at McDonalds, the CEO is seen as the central point from which the leadership emerges. Jim skinner, the current CEO of McDonalds has been entertained with this title for the onetime(prenominal) thirty five years (Dentch, 2009). mule driver is said to be an sensitive leader with charismatic and transformational leader. He has said to revitalize the organization and introduced a ne w fast food business with his new vision.The turnaround at McDonalds can be fully attributed to his creative and innovative leadership. He was one of those who introduced plan to win initiative that emphasized the significance of store operations. Having a diverse background and expertise, he adapted strategies to keep his employees motivated and committed. beneath his leadership, he places great importance on customer satisfaction customers bob up before his employees and restaurants. He promotes creativity but does not let his employees focus the primary motive of his organization. He believes in finding the talent therefrom he assigns different tasks to his employees and the best one is awarded and granted with more responsibility. Skinner places importance on values and ethics.When McDonalds was blamed for obesity, he did not brood behind passing on the blame instead he took actions to positively handle the situation. Thus he can be seen as a moral leader who makes McDonalds a better place for both employees and customers. despotic at McDonalds is the amalgam of motivated workers and the clear policies which keep them right on the track. The line manager is in charge of keeping the employees working gibe to the standards. At a broader perspective, every franchise must follow quality standards and abide by the grim supplier policies (Long, 2006). This is to ensure that the brands name is not in danger by irresponsible activities at individual franchise level. McDonalds Corporation believes in training its employees at Hamburger University. This is to ensure that employees are clear about the benchmark and how they modify any shortcomings in their performance to meet these standards.Flexible work schedule, fun loving culture, training and a healthy work life balance is what keeps the employees motivated. Though McDonalds is known for its mingy control and bureaucratic structure, it in no way inhibits employee productivity or commitment to the organiza tion.ConclusionMcDonalds is a global fast food chain known for its quality food and great customer experience. Through strict and clear policies and under the charismatic leadership of Skinner, McDonalds have been able to build a reputable image in the minds of its consumers. Actively responding to the changing needs of its customers, it has been able to maintain its brand essence along with rising profits. A perfect blend of the four management functions namely, planning, organizing, leading and controlling has been the key driver behind McDonalds success.

Intensity Of Competitive Rivalry Marketing Essay

Intensity Of Competitive Rivalry commercialize place EssayFraser Neave Holding Bhd has 3 bank line portfolios which atomic number 18 well-to-do salute, dairies intersection point and proportion. The delicate imbibing instalment has actual its own brands such as 100Plus and Seasons. Dairies product course of instruction is producing sweetened condensed d lancinating, evaporated draw, pasteurize milk, UHT milk, ju sword whoopieing glass and ice picking. FN properties is to unlock the repute of land acquired and held by the union. at that place argon away environsal agents leave behind prompt the federation to secure their bearing which catogorized under swearword section. An economic factor affected the federation maturement which aid of plunder is cosmosness removed by g overnment.Porters 5 forces used to evaluate the perseverance free-enterprise(a) environment. on that point atomic number 18 curse of untested entrants, threat of selection products, bar pissing great military group of purchasers, talk terms power of suppliers and Rivalry among animate firm. 100Plus has genuine strong brand and gain 88% of market helping which affix entry barrier to overbold entrant. fruity swallow and Dairies products are rattling little(prenominal) degree of differentiation with antagonists. Therefore, buyers are al wretcheded to compare product specially value is factor buyers considered the most. Those suppliers who still hold backting gelt pension affirm greater power be ar crease many companies are looking for let looseer dirty money cost. In addition, at that place are some big players in drink suit satisfactory and dairy farm product in the industry, the loudness of competition is very strong.GE clay sculpture was applied to evaluate root foriveness of different line of merchandise portfolios. stinting was used as industry attractiveness factor and brand intensity as line of descent expertne ss. FN properties doesnt postulate strong brand among the retention industry. pass on the company has strong brand such as 100Plus, Season and as well sweetened condensed milk in Malaysia. However, the economic factor wasnt always gold to all percentage.Efficiency and Effectiveness in utilizing liabilities in funding colligate assets of occupancy portfolio is evaluated by ratio analysis. The company portfolios boast high trustworthy ratio because the liabilities have reduced. And 100Plus has gain over 88% of market share in the isosmotic drink segment.IntroductionFraser Neave holding Bhd. (FN) was incorporated at course of instruction 1883 when founders John Fraser and David Chalmers Neave formed a company chassisd Singapore sound Aerated Water recessicipation in Singapore. Few forms later, FN was amalgamate and enter the food d bucket alongkenness industry. FN has its own vision to vex the direct congeries beverage company in Malaysia and the region and thei r mission is to be a gentleman- set multi subject field enterprise providing sterling(prenominal) returns to their shareholders, excellent value for their clients and a rewarding career for their employees.FN high society is one of the Malaysia well sack out beverage company which the famous product is the isotonic drinks 100plus launched at family 1984. FN realize wide range of beverage that fundament be categorise as soft drinks, dairies, non-carbonated beverages as well as separate business property. They were launching the sweetened condensed filled milk in year 1973, and the erudition of Nestls canned milk business in Thailand and Malaysia in year 2007. Other than that FN high pure tone canned milk was in like manner gain excellent reputation in Malaysia. This product is largely use as beverage mixers in coffee, afternoon tea and chocolate drinks and now canned milk has success honor adequatey to export this product to to a greater extent than 20 countries around th e world. In addition, the halal certification offers strong reassurance to Muslim clients in the festering halal markets in the Middle East and Africa.FN Company was awarded The Readers Digest Trusted check from year 2005 to 2008, Media Magazine Top 1000 Asian Brands 2007 and so on. It proves that their guest was confident when using their products since they are carry on just about their health and safe type. FN Company was continuously improve their quality and brands to challenges the marketplace and to become the leader.FN Company is too well-known company that fondness about the social environment and working environment. They implemented and executed various environmental stewardship and launched numerous cycle campaigns in schools to inculcate good environmental habits among young mountain and thus, pretend awareness on the importance of recycling. FN Company also set-up a RM1.2 one million million funds named Chairmans Award to encourage educational excellence and to identify high-achievers among children of FN assorts employees. FN Company has accomplished a safety record of zero accident (no hurt time accident) accumulated from 1 February 2007 to 21 September 2009 with a total 962 days or 2.3 million working hours. Zero environmental respectfulness status has achieved.FN Company has three main businesses which are soft drinks, dairy products and property.(Fn.com.my, About us) meek DrinkFN Beverages Marketing Sdn Bhd represent Malaysias largest soft drinks maker and electrical distributor. There are four manufacturing builds nationwide, including its state of the art facility at its headquarters in Shah Alam, Selangor. Their products are 100PLUS, FN Fun Flavours, FN Originals, SEASONS, Ice Mountain and produce direct.The company operated in 1936 when FN Ltd baffleed the franchise of Coca-Cola in Singapore and Malaysia. Later that FN Coca-Cola (M) Sdn Bhd (FNCC) was born(p) and license commensurateness would end in September 20 11, the company renamed as FNBM. In Malaysia, 100PLUS is a outstanding local success story, cover 90 percent share of the isotonic drinks market and also the No.1 ready to drink (RTD) brand in Malaysia. For non-carbonated portfolio, SEASONS is currently No.2 in Asian drinks category small-arm product Tree continue to grow within the juice segment.The soft drinks division perform well during the festive periods and continue to pursue world class excellence in distribution so that the products are quickly available with focus on market execution. Over the years, FNBM has used few strategic measures that emphasize on its brand presence by invested in advertising and promotions, product availability and operational efficiency. In April 2010, FNBM was selected to become distributor of Red Bull energy drinks in Malaysia and has improved FNBMs beverage portfolio. (Fn.com.my, Soft drink)Dairies ProductsFN Dairies (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd has produced variety of products such as sweetened cond ensed milk, evaporated milk, change integrity milk, UHT milk, juice and ice cream.In 1959, FNs dairy business had constructed Southeast Asias first sweetened condensed milk plant in Petaling Jaya while joint venture with Beautrice Foods of Chicago, USA. The Carnation Company from US joined the partnership in 1965 to form Premier take out as the manufacturing arm.The sort out continually pursues product innovation and invention, much than than products adding into portfolio and after that the Group had a successful journey into ice cream business. In 1989, the Group purchased the interests of Beatrice Foods and restructured its dairy operations under FN Dairies (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd. It was expanded further with the acquisition of Magnolia in 1995. In 1998, the Group started its pasteurised business.Today, FNs dairies division has a vision of being Malaysias leading dairy and food marketer with world class products, standards and capabilities forming part and parcel of its offerin gs. In 2011, FN Dairies (Malaysia) disposed off its entire ice cream business to FN Creameries (M) Sdn Bhd. (Fn.com.my, Dairies Product)PropertyFN Properties is one of business unit of Fraser Neave Holdings Berhad, the purpose is to further add in value of land acquired and held by the company by developing into real estate property. The very first property developed at Jalan Foss by FN is the former FN factory land that has been developed into for commercial use which called Fraser Business Park. The development is leaded by FNs underlying philosophical system which is being socially responsible corporate citizen. The key value of the business unit lies within the emphasizing of creating innovative use with high class application towards the development, leaving its occupant a feel of the modern and emerging alike features.FN Properties is expected to launch more(prenominal)(prenominal) properties in the future as its properties units are being recognized to be fill with inno vative design and product development that particularly focus on FN brand name feature. In the far future, the division testament focus on redeveloping of existing Premier draw plant into a landmark in Petaling Jaya.(Fn.com.my, Property) infestationMission To be a world-class multinational enterprise providing professional returns to our shareholders, excellent value for our customers and a rewarding career for our employees.Vision To become the leading total beverage company in Malaysia and the region.Every company has their mission and vision statement served as overall purpose of business. The mission and vision statement above are set by FN. There are external environmental issues have or allow for affect FN to achieve their mission. These external environmental issues are being categorized fit to PEST(EL) model. PEST(EL) model is to analyze the external environment issues of company. It categorized environment issues into political, economic, social, technological, ecolog ic and legal influences.EconomicImproving growth prospect of Malaysia, Thailand and the region brings more income to FN as is signals rescue are in good condition and peoples are resulting to spend hence will affix sales in that particular region. The growth prospects include rising of Malaysia GDP in year 2010 that is approximately 10% compare to 4.5% in 2009 that rise from some study(ip) factor of manufacturing industry production with a double digit growth of 16.9% in year 2010. ASEAN countries are growing quick in their economy thus putting FN a favourable factor in growing of profits.(Annual extend 2009 pg 013) FN has built up positive consumer sentiment to their product. For good example 100PLUS, isotonic drink that is specialized for sportsmen to go forward the metabolism. It is a concept well-built that it is voted number 1 isotonic drinks in Malaysia since its introduction in 1983. That well-built positive sentiment brings early(a)s drinks of FN to be well marketabl e. It is the consumer sentiment to the products compoundd the profitability factor of FN towards other competitor thus is at an advantage in the market. (Annual composing 2010 pg 043 044)Political governing body had put initiative to boost spending of consumer with newfound economic model (NEM), with this model being pursue, Malaysia economic boost as consumer purchasing power increases and are advised to spend. FN will get benefit by offer up goods to be sold to the market hence boosting sales.FN products are all proper hence are entitled for Halal Hub Tax Incentive. The incentive offered had less(prenominal)en FN some percentage of tax liability to the government. It made FN more bankable compare to those companies which does non qualified for the incentive. (Annual topic 2011 pg 028)Government has removed subsidy of fuel and net has put an impact to FN as most of the FN loading businesses directed large amount of sugar which is dairies and soft drink business. The coi tus interruptus of sugar subsidy lower the overall profit of the FN although in that location is a large improve a sales but the profit doesnt press out much improvement as the sugar cost increases. Withdrawals of fuel subsidy did also impact on FN as the cost of their internal and external distribution cost increases thus reduces profit. (Annual study 2011 pg 037)TechnologicalIn the fount of 2011, FN introduced new product, Ice Mountain and it has faster share gain among bottler irrigate player which established 5% market share in Malaysia. (Annual Report 2011 pg 035)FN launched new beverage Zesta across Malaysia in October 2011.Zesta has remarkably great taste perception berry soda flavored soda. It contents the Guarana tropical berries that originate from Amazon, South America. In addition, Guarana tropical berries invigorate the body and mind. Zesta is an extension of our already large swan of FN beverages, a beverage that was initiated to complement our existing range of FN brands, creating a mutation vehicle for our growing band of consumers, said Dato Ng Jui Sia, CEO of Fraser Neave Holdings Bhd. FN believes that Zesta is the voice of growing trends for beverage enhanced soda. (Zesta 2011)EnvironmentalSichuan Earthquake of May 2008 has caused the raw material cost increase and companys profit is affected. Natural disaster is beyond expectation and control of the company. sugar before interest and tax in 2008 grew only 5%. This environmental factor has affected company to achieve their mission. Natural disaster would serve as obstacle that FN provide superior returns to shareholders. (Annual Report 2008 pg 052)Porters 5 forcesToday, Fraser Neave Holdings Bhd (FN) has extended business at more than 20 countries worldwide and established itself as a regional player. So that, FN need use Porters five forces model to analysis and understanding the nature of the war-ridden environment. FN has a lot of benefits from using Porters five forces model . They can ensure that precaution considers a wide range of potential impacts when devising strategy. They allow the division of the work in environmental analysis and make decision in time. In addition, Porters five forces also help to develop effective strategies to fancy up FN profitability, power, and warlike position in an industry. Porters five forces is divided into threat of entry, intensity of competitive rivalry, threat of substitute product, bargaining power of buyer and bargaining power of suppliers.Threat of entryThreat of entry is new entrants into market will bring extra capacity and intensify competition. The military strength of the threat from new entrants will depend upon the strength of the barriers to entry and the likely answer of existing competition to a new entrant. FN produce two new soft drink FN Clearly Citrus and Zesta were launched in soft drink market at year 2011. Zesta and FN Clearly Citrus was getting customer support and the new produces also have a higher command from the buyer. Zesta sales would attract other competitors enter into tsoda market, it will be affix a threat on FN market sales. (Zesta 2011)Bargaining power of supplierBargaining power of suppliers definition with the stronger power of suppliers in an industry the more difficult it is for firms within that sector to make a profit. It is because suppliers can run into the terms and conditions on which business is conducted.Most of the products are contented sugar, sugar is essential for production. Malaysian Government has removed sugar subsidies on selective substructure and subsidy for Dairies Malaysia was removed. Increased of sugar cost and planetary good cost forced price of Sweetened Condensed Milk increased by 25%. However, sugar subsidy was removed on selective basis which means FN can look for suppliers whose sugar subsidies werent removed. In addition, competitors will also search for new suppliers and it may not easy to reduce cost as low as before. apart(predicate) from that, FN may have to concern about any switching cost for current suppliers.Bargaining power of buyerBargaining power of buyer sense of the powerful buyer can force price cuts and quality improvement. The government removed sugar subsidy, FN material cost increased and affected the product selling price increased. In 2011, Sweetened Condensed Milk has increased 25% of the price which cause the demand reduced. revenue and profit was decline during the year. Buyers also have full information about the soft drink and dairy product market. They should know which company product cheaper, more health and best quality. FN need to retain the customer by improving product quality and introduce new product. Buyers always have different choice for their beverage and dairy product. Apart from that, same fiber of competitors product will be display near companys products. For example, Jusco will be placing same type of products together which allowed buyers to se arch easily. There is low switching cost for buyers. Beside, degree of product differentiation is low which customer may feel all brands are sympathetic. This threat is more difficult to control, because FN oversight need to concentrate on changing buyers gustation and also maximize the shareholders wealth.Threat of substitute productPorters 5 forces have indicated that the threat of substitute product is the other firms within the industry has offers similar product with similar benefits for the customer. This threat may affects the competitive environment of the company and influence our ability to achieve profitability.On FN Magnolia have offers Pasteurised Milk and Sterilised Milk. The range of the customers is children and adults. The Pasteurised reinvigorated Milk can be enjoyed chilled or warm, plain or mixed with other foods or beverages and they insert into Lo-Fat Hi-Cal Milk provide less fat and more healthier of the Fresh Milk for our body. However, Marigold has off ers HL Milk is low-fat milk No.1 in Malaysia. HL Milk has perfect balance of nutrients for everyone in the family and it consists high in calcium and protein, low in fat and lactose and fortified with 9 essential vitamins to gear healthier lifestyle. Marigold HL Milk is first choice for the customers who are caring health conscious. FN should innovation their milk product provide more anicteric to attract or retain consumer choices.Another competitor is Dutch maam has provided a Dutch Lady Milk powder for satisfy customer needs who want mix it with other coffee or tea favour and it has a rich and creamy taste and allowed to dilute in hot or cold water easily. Furthermore, Dutch Lady also has provided different formulations to cater to children of different ages to promote their brain development and salubrious growth. Therefore, most of the mother would choose Dutch Lady Milk products of their children sort of than choose FN milk products.FN SEASONS offers soft drink products are leaders in body politics most comprehensive range of consumer, catering to every occasion. The Soya range provides protein nourishment while the Chrysanthemum and Grass Jelly provides healthier refreshment with less sugar let FN SEASONS become best quality and sanguine drinks. However, they are having lesser favors for the customer choose. YEOS have more favors, such as litchi nut drink, Sugarcane drink, Bandung Rose drink, coconut juice, soursop drink and guava drink for the customer to choice. Hence, consumers who are Sugarcane drink lover may transfer its option to YEOS products.Although there are many competitors for isotonic drink, 100Plus still able to gain over 88% of the market share. Company has done a lot promotion for 100Plus which the reason 100Plus is successfully gain more than half(a) of the market share. (Annual Report 2010 pg 036)Intensity of competitive rivalryIntensity of competitive rivalry among competitors in the industry strives to companies to gain c ompetitive advantage over the rivals and drives the profit of the rivals firm to zero. The company can gains the competitive advantage by several ways, such as price policy, improving the products differentiation with other and exploiting relationships with suppliers. If can gain more competitive advantage over competitors can increase the profitability of the company.FN only provided soft drink products and dairy products, appears less competitive advantage compare with others. Nowadays, people more have health conscious when they buying products may choice to buy the products which consists more nutrition. In food and beverage industry also have many company has provide more diet product to satisfied the requirements of the different customers.Dutch Lady Low Fat Yoghurt is a healthy collation and it will enhance the absorption of nutrients, ensuring digestive system stays healthy. It contains Vitamin A, C and E, calcium and Active Live Cultures.In Addition, the Marigold have offe r the yogurt and cultured milk Vitagen which have consists nutrition products for the body. The Vitagen has billions of live probiotic cultures to helps maintain a healthy digestive system. Probiotic cultures in VITAGEN can withstand bile and acerbic stomach juices and reach the intestines alive to fight harmful bacteria in the intestines. Furthermore, the Yoghurt contains live and active cultures help digestion and promote a healthy digestive system and calcium for the development of strong bones and teeth. Marigold also has offers Jelly is a great-tasting double-layered jelly that is filled with fresh fruits. Its cool and fresh taste makes it great for everyone in the family and contains no preservatives and is a healthy alternative to fruits after a hearty meal. This makes Marigold become Malaysias first and only pasteurised Jelly.Beside, sugar subsidy was removed on selective basis which affix unfair competitive environment to FN. And it also created very intense pricing war for soft drink and dairy product. In order to treasure the revenue while still retain consumer loyalty, the price of sweetened condensed milk increase 25%.This all is key reasons that the consumer may change favors to this type of products. To gain competitive advantage, FN should provide more nutrition products for the customers have more choose.Porters national competitive advantage diamondPorters diamond model suggests that there are inherent reasons why some nations and industries within nations are more competitive than others on a global scale. The argument is that the national inhabitation base of an organisation provides organisations with specific factors which will potentially create competitive advantages on a global scale. (Michael Porter 1990)Porters diamond model consist of four conditions of national advantage which are factor conditions, demand conditions, connect to and supporting industries and firm strategy, structure and rivalry. factor out conditionsFactor condition is about important elements that exist in a company which lead to national competitive advantage. It can be country specific or industry specific.FN Dairies had constructed plant in Pulau Indah costs RM350 million and will be accurate within the second half of 2011. The new plant promotes cutting molding green technology which would have huge gains in water, energy and environmental conservation. With existence of this plant, FN Dairies could be on the top list of worlds largest producers of canned milk. (Annual Report 2011 pg 41)An increase in production line is an advantage of the company. FN had launched a new RM45 million polyethylene terephthalate (PET) monoblock production line which is the first in Asia Pacific. This able to done all the things in only one production line, for example blow bottles, fill and pack all carbonate soft drinks products. (Annual Report 2010 pg 32)FN has the latest innovation and technology that bring advantages to them. With this latest technology, FN can enhance its operations by continuing improve production lines. FN can produce more products in effective and efficient way. In addition, the new machineries increase as the production lines increases. The warehouse management system has implemented to make operation work run smoothly. Besides, the introduction of new sales foretelling tools helps in manufacturing, if sales forecast is low, the manufacturer will produce less stock. (Annual Report 2010 pg 36)Supply chain act as an important aim in a business. Without supply, production would not be carried out. Improvement in supply chain lead to high efficiency of production and logistic by upgrade the systems. FN introduce higher level of operational mechanisation and inventory management to ensure the manufacturing process has no error. Besides, the product quality management has to make sure that the products are in acceptable quality and safety measures are enhanced in order the product would not harm people. (Annual Report 2010 pg 36)Demand conditionsSecondly, the demand conditions state that if the local market for a product is larger and more demanding at home than in foreign markets, local firms potentially put more emphasis on improvements than foreign companies. This will potentially increase the global competitiveness of local exporting companies.FN non-carbonated portfolio has slightly increased from 25.4 per cent to 28 per cent in soft drinks business. This represent there is a growing demand for drinks. During the year, FN include fruit teas and juices to its range of soft drinks, and launch new drink called Zesta lately catering consumers of this segment. The ability to innovate, differentiate and manufacture new product lines will bring advantages such as gain more market share. (Zesta 2011)FN Fruit Tree released five new flavours in bottle form which are orange, apple, lychee, blackcurrant and mango. As the demand increases, Fruit Tree has becoming one of the quickest growi ng categories in Malaysia. The new flavours are the extension to the Fruit Tree cans range and the research shows that consumer preference toward these flavours compared to other brand in the market. (Annual Report 2010 pg 36)FN Holding Berhad has built a new warehouse in Kuching which double larger than previous warehouse capacity to improve the quality of expediency and make sure delivery to customers is on time. Furthermore, it utilised advanced storehouse technology such as high selective racking, super level flooring and Very Narrow Aisleway (VNA) trucks. (Annual Report 2009 pg 38)Related and supporting industriesThirdly, the related and supporting industries mean that when local supporting industries and suppliers are competitive, home country companies will potentially get more cost efficient and accept more innovative products.In February 2010, 100PLUS signed a partnership bargain with AirAsia Berhad, officially sell 100PLUS on AirAsia flights which depart from Malaysi a. AirAsia Berhad is a Malaysia top airlines company, being a partner of AirAsia Berhad has a real competitive advantage for FN. This agreement is a big step for division to extend business offshore. rider dehydration happened frequently in air travel, with 100PLUS the passenger can get over the dehydration. Support from AirAsia is like an advertisement effect, whenever there is a flight, there is an appearance of 100PLUS. (Annual Report 2010 pg 038)Firm strategy, structure and rivalryStructure and management system can affect competitiveness. FN is running beverage and dairies business in addition to food business too. FN buy 23.08 per cent share in Cocoaland Holdings Berhad. Cocoaland is a major snack food manufacturer in Malaysia. FN is diversifying the business risk to various subsidiaries. FN develop the food business to supplement beverage and dairies business. As the Malaysia grow into high income economy country, the consumption of middle income will increase and food busine ss will be benefited. (Annual Report 2010 pg 9)GE model3 portfolio businessPropertyDairy productSoft drinkGE business matrixIndustry Attractiveness- Economic FactorBusiness Strength-Brand Strength gameyMediumLowHighInvestment/ exploitationSoft drinkSelective GrowthSelectivityMediumDairy productSelective GrowthSelectivityHarvest/ discaseLowSelectivityProperty businessHarvest/DivestHarvest/DivestFNs business has divided into 3 portfolio and that are Soft Drinks, Dairy Products and Properties. beginning of all, we will use the environmental factor and brand strength as the industry attractiveness factors and business factors benchmark.Soft DrinksFNs core soft drinks business portfolio will be classify at the classes of selective growth. The company soft drinks 100plus and Zesta are popular in Malaysia and have helped the company in deliverance certain level of stable income.100plus as the companys core product have promoting an active lifestyle and healthy living to consumer. Many e vents have been run to promote 100plus as it is isotonic drink of choice at major sporting events. 100plus is present at top sports events such as Piala Malaysia net 2011 100plus Tunku Abdul Razak Cup, KL Marathon 2011 and so on to continue building prestigious images of 100plus to consumers. Profit of division has been growing from year 2007 to 2011. However, sugar subsidy withdrawn by Malaysian Government has major impact on price of sugar. The division has lesser growth rate for year 2011. In addition, global good cost has increased which is unfavorable economic factor. Soft Drink division has very high brand strength but economic factors are not really favourable to the division.Dairy ProductsFNs dairy products will be classified at the classes of selectivity. Companys dairy products have included sweetened condensed milk, evaporated milk, pasteurised milk, UHT milk, juices and ice cream. Dairy Products also suffered from withdrawal of sugar subsidy and global commodity price i ncreased in 2011. FNs dairy products business has classified at selectivity, with medium level of attractiveness and medium business strength on the dairy products.Although the product milo maize is popular in Malaysia, Milo is not owned by FN, it was franchised. This product reduces business strength as it is not the only major player in the market. The dairy products will seem less attractive to the investors to consider investing because the deliberate of the milk market is very costly. In addition, the cost for hire workers and the cost to obtain technology for producing the dairy products are costly for subsequent production of dairy products. Moreover, the dairy products license also difficult to be approved by the government. New entrant will find difficult to entry, because the market has been controlled and play by a few major competitors. New entrant will find difficulty to enter to the market as these factors created entry barriers.PropertiesFNs property business is unlo cking the value of land holding by the company. The economic factor of the company placed at medium level because volatile commodity and financial market. The company is more concentrated in the soft drink products and has no initiative to promote companys property to the public, not many people knows that FN has already entered into properties. FNs property business is non-comparable with beverage business that seems to be so successful and FNs property business strength is low in this industry. The property business that has high profitability in the industry will attract more investors to invest. The government encourage removing of old building and build more new business park in order to bring in more prosperity to our country. Moreover, our property business is at growth story because it is newly introduced into the industry, hence it does not have strong business strength on the property business.Ratio analysis and Key performance IndicatorsRevenue of continuing operation co ntinues to grow from 2009 to 2010 by 11.2% and 2010 to 2011 7.6%. In 2010, the revenue is able to grow better than 2011 due to improved economic conditions. Malaysia Government has

Democracy in Africa: Botswana, Morocco and Ghana

majority rule in Africa Botswana, Morocco and gold coastContents (Jump to)INTRODUCTIONCategories of countryDirect state in loss/ representative special KwealthCharacteristics of commonwealth publication representative Free and becoming(a) electionscivic liberties/ rudimentary realness estimablesRule of lawSeparation of posts land in AfricaBotswanaUninterrupted Free ElectionsAccountability and TranspargonncyAnti prepargonridness Powers extreme human rightsMoroccoAuthoritarian MonarchyReforming Monarchs reconciliation and JusticeFreedom of Expressiongold coast windupBibliographyINTRODUCTIONDemocracy is a term conversant to approximately peck, further it is misunderstood and mis implementd at a intravenous feedingth dimension when potentates and coup leadershiphip assert popular support by cl selecting the mantle of democracy start outicularly in Africa. Democracy has prevailed finished a long and turbulent history, and republi support g overnings in atomi c number 63 and America, nonwithstanding continuing chall(a)enges, continues to come on and flourish end-to-end the world.Democracy derives from a Greek word demos, or people, it is defined as regimen in which the imperative power is vested in the people. A democracy is a system of government in which leaders atomic number 18 choose in competitive elections, where many parties and candidates take part and where opposition parties can attain power if they gain widespread support (deth Van Deth, 2005). Democracy has different forms, in some cuttings it can be exercised directly by the people, in larger-than-life societies or by the people through their take representatives. According to the memorable phrase of Abraham Lincoln, democracy is government of the people, by the people, and for the people.Categories of democracyDemocracy has two categories, direct and representative.Direct democracyCitizens partake in ma tabby earth decisions without the intermediary of elected representatives. This system is practical with rather a small number of people in a community, commonwealth council, for voice in the UK, rude(a) England T declargon Meeting residents of the town do debates and vote directly on town policies. Some U.S. states, practice direct democracy by placing propositions and referenda to change laws. In Switzerland, vital semi insurance-making decisions on matters, including health, employment, atomic number 18 put to vote by the citizens.Indirect/ representative democracyIndirect democracy is a system of government in which the frequent manages the government through elected representatives. The voted agents represent the people as remote to the direct democracy whereby citizens imbibe public policy decisions directly through polls or initiatives. An example of this type of democracy is in Kenya. The public votes in people to represent them in government institutions. The elected officials make laws, political enactments and admini ster public programs.Characteristics of democracyDemocracies be different in every part of the world peoples egalitarian sublimes atomic number 18 enamourd by their culture and hostelry. It is to a greater extent than a effectuate of precise government institutions (Gupta, 2013). Most democracies rest upon a well unstated set of values, attitudes, and practices which may demand diverse forms and expressions among cultures and societies around the world. However, the fundamental signs and principles of a democracy hang on consistent (Cincotta, 2004).A true form of democracy should includeElected representative Free and fair electionsAll democracies should hold regular elections and waive adults or people of a sealed age to take part in voting. The elections should be free and fair so as to raise political competition for the sizable of the public. A democracy moldiness lease officials elected by the people to make laws and frame policies of the government.Civil libe rties/ Fundamental human rightsA vital characteristic of democracy is that it gives or ensures its citizens project top civil rights or fundamental rights. Democracies allow their citizens freedom of destination and press, freedom of religion and conscience, freedom of assembly and tie-up, right to equal security measures by the law, right to due process of law and fair trial, and stead rights to land goods and m sensationy.Rule of lawRule of law is an some other(a) characteristic of democracy. Democratic governments should ensure that thither is rule of law whereby no someone(a) is above the law and there is due process of law. This ensures emphasizes that the Law is supreme and citizens are all equal in the eyes of law.Separation of powersA democracy should ensure that all institutions of the government film equal power. This ensures righteousness by encouraging checks and offsets between the government institutions. Democracies with separated powers ensure purvey for effective checks and balances between the executive, judiciary and the parliament are make. This makes sure that all take sires of government must be as accessible and responsive to the people as possible.Democracy in AfricaDemocracy started sweeping across Africa in the early 1990s after the end of cold war. A roll of democratization was propagated all over Africa by the West. Claude Ake argues that the reforms in Eastern Europe totd to the west advocating for democracy in Africa. Ake claims that Eastern Europe provided the West with a dramatic vindication of its own values and a sense of the diachronic inevitability of the triumph of democracy (Ake, 1991), a mission widely believed, would consolidate the domination of horse opera ideals all over the world.Authoritarians and single party states were labored by western powers to democratize their states. Un elective states were expected to launch democratic reforms so that they could get international support and donors them selves started to provide democracy assistance.Activists during the time of democratization of Africa wished for more political freedoms and strong institutions hoping that democracy would lead to more government responsibility and more effective development.Africans themselves sire also disputed for democracy, an example of this is the Saba Saba movement whereby Kenyan political activities fighting for multiparty democracy had a ruby confrontation with authorities. Ake gives examples of the popular rejection of phalanx rule in Nigeria and also the struggle for multiparty in Cameroon (Ake, 1991).doubting Thomas C. Mountain argues that Western style democracy is destroying Africa. Thomas insists Africans should lay down been allowed to practice their customsal form of democracy which was more of virtually arriving at a consensus where everyone got something after persuasion by council of elders (Mountain, 2012).Democracy in Africa continues to face many challenges such as p overty, coup dtats, corruption and many other problems. However there are countries that have deluge these problems and challenges. Some of these states have have it offed long periods of political stableness but their level of democracy can be argued according to ones definition of democracy. A case study of three African states would be utilise to analyse democracy in Africa.BotswanaIn November 2008, Festus Gontebanye Mogae, the former electric chair of Botswana received an award from (Sarkin Cook, 2008)Ibrahim reckon for Achievement in African Leadership. The reason why Botswanas president won was because Botswanas democracy was strong, stable and rooted in the rule of law. Botswana was widely regarded as one of the more effective countries in the world in combating corruption. President Mogaes outstanding leadership has ensured Botswanas continued stability and prosperity in the face of an HIV/AIDS pandemic which imperil the upcoming of his country and people. The Prize Committee believed that good face requires an surround conducive to peace, security and development, based on the rule of law and mention for human rights. Botswana has had to address the challenge of advancing severally in a balanced course. This has been helped by the independence and integrity of its institutions which bodes well for further progress towards spreading wealth and opportunity across all sectors of Botswana society. Botswanas democracy has been characterized byUninterrupted Free ElectionsBotswana is one of a few African countries that have enjoyed free and uninterrupted elections in Africa since it gained independence from Britain. Having held free elections since it gained independence, Botswana portrays an ideal democracy in Africa. Civilian rule has been uninterrupted by the military or any autocratic governments.Accountability and TransparencyBotswana has had a written report for accountability and transparency. Accountability and transparency have been fo rmalized through mechanisms such as the opus and legislation requiring open government, accountability, and transparency. Presidents of Botswana have insisted on governments accountability mechanism and limiting corruptionAnticorruption PowersBotswanas government enacted a carte du jour in 1994 that set up an anticorruption body. The anti-corruption body was vested with the powers to conduct investigations and make arrests. (Sarkin Cook, 2008) In Botswana, there are laws that establish civilian supervision over the practice of law and a process, through a supervisory body, for civilians to lodge complaints against police abuses and other human rights violations.Fundamental human rightsThe constitution of Botswana guarantees the freedoms of speech and the press, association, religion and right to equal protection by the law. The right of the citizens is protected by the constitution which is the supreme law of Botswana.thither are many reasons for Botswanas democratic success. So me reasons are due to Botswanas unique history and context, a few are coincidental, but several are as a result of efforts put in by the countrys leaders (Sarkin Cook, 2008). (Hazan, 2006)Scholars have debated these achievements, resulting in many assessments applauding Botswana and a handful that note Botswanas success story is not without significant flaws. Some of these flaws include conquest of the minority San tribe, expulsion of foreign reports and scholars, and limitations on access to information.MoroccoAuthoritarian MonarchyThe region of Morocco is an example of an authoritarian state. After its independence, Mohammed V assumed the title of king after imposing a entire monarchy and establishing a one-party state. Morocco has been characterized by oppression of opposition, forced disappearance, extrajudicial killings, and imprisonment of political opponents. (Hazan, 2006)Reforming MonarchsRemarkably for an authoritarian leader, King Hassan IIs last, initiated a reform an d reconciliation process, in which he freed political prisoners, enacted constitutional amendments in 1996, which complete a bicameral parliament with all-inclusive powers, and launched an independent commission of inquiry to start investigative human rights abuses.Hassan invited exiled political opposition to return and after the 1997 legislative elections, which despite irregularities brought many antecedently banned parties and opposition members to the Chamber of Representatives. Unusually for an authoritarian leader, Hassan 2 initiated a reform and reconciliation process.When Mohammed VI, the son of Hassan 2 assumed the throne in 1999, he continued with his fathers political reforms. The King gave out two amnesties, resulting in the release of thousands of political prisoners. By the election in 2002, the elections were deemed free and fair by international observers. In 2004, a stark naked law was passed and it fit(p) restrictions on polygamy, divorce and improved womens r ight.Reconciliation and JusticeMohammed VIs established the Equity and Reconciliation Commission (IER) in 2004 with a mandate to rise human rights abuses that occurred from 1956 to 1999. Driss Benzekri, a former political prisoner was appointed as its head. The nature of the commission assessment of compensation brought about changes in governments support for international human rights balances previously unsupported. (Hazan, 2006)Although Hassan II and Mohammed VI introduced reforms, they were outwardly impressive. They made sure that no real changes to the constitutional monarchy were made to date. .Freedom of ExpressionMorocco is extensively condemned for its lack of freedom of expression. The government exercises control over the media and punishes a few independent newspapers that exist. Most broadcast media in Morocco are entirely or partially owned by the state. Self-censorship is common due to punishment for reportage that is deemed inappropriate by the government. Newspa pers such as Le diary have been shut down or penalized, and editors arrested. Le Journal came under government condemnation for its political coverage, and also coverage of corruption of government officials.The Moroccan government has failed to respect human rights since independence, and its constitutional monarchy does not tolerate any serious checks and balances on the kings powers or actions. No democracy movement has been able to press for the resignation of the king or to fight for reforms. (Hazan, 2006)The recent resolutions have failed to create a genuine accountability or justice for the victims or their families. Due process and rights expression and association remain curtailed.GhanaGhana is rated highly on most of canonic measures of democracies. This includes protection of fundamental civil liberties and human rights. Ghana has been successful in holding free and fair elections over the past two decades, and bring down poverty. Ghanaian democracy has not been as muc h successful in participation of most political actors in the countrys governance processes and institutions beyond elections. (Anebo, 2001)Actual participation drafting and implementation of public policy has been restricted to a number of political elite who have succeeded in capturing the presidency although through fairly competitive elections.The president has more powers than the other branches of government. He enjoys vast political and economic resources that he can use to get political support.Elections are the and real check and balance on the executive. Although major political parties, the New Patriotic Party (NPP), and the field of study Democratic Congress (NDC) have accepted the legitimacy of the guidelines that govern political sympathies in Ghana, these guidelines have serious flaws. (Bratton, Michael, Lewis, Boadi., 2001)The elite accord among partisan parties is an agreement to uphold the status quo, regardless of its negative impact on good governance and dem ocratic practice.Ghanaians expect economic and companionable benefits (Anebo, 2001) of democracy than the government appears to produce through existing institutional arrangements.The 1992 Constitution of Ghana guarantees the homo Rights of all somebodys found at bottom the territorial boundaries of the Republic of Ghana. Chapter 5 of 1992 Constitution, Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms ensures rights such as right to life, economic rights and womens right are adhered to. The entire chapter 5 can only be amended by the people of Ghana through voting at a referendum. Ghanaians enjoy freedom of press and information thus making it one of the countries in Africa that does not oppress the media. (Arthur, 2010)ConclusionAfrica has a long commission to go to attain full democratic status with them being welfare states. There a lot of limitations those hinder the full initiation of democracy in many African countries. Ethnicity, poor leadership, poverty, corruption have been signi ficant in preventing democratization in Africa. I strongly agree with Akes arguments that the trail of democracy would not feed or shelter the needy. (Ake, 1991) If Africa is to achieve democracy, people must first be enlightened and kick out the anti-democracy forces. Some African countries are still under authoritative and corrupt rulers. These leaders profess to be practicing democracy they hold elections full of deceit and thus touch on to power.Democracy must be considered African context most pressing needs and people must first be amend to accept and appreciate democracy as Ake argues. (Ake, 1991)BibliographyAke, C. (1991). Rethinking African Democracy. Journal of Democracy, 33-44.Anebo, F. (2001). The Ghana 2000 Elections. Journal of African Political Science, 69-88.Arthur, P. (2010). Democratic Consolidation in GhanaThe Role and Contribution of the Media, Civil Society and State Institutions . Comparative and rural area Studies, 203-226.Arthur, Peter. 2010. Democratic C onsolidation in Ghana The Role and Contribution of the Media, Civil Society and State Institutions.- Comparative and Commonwealth Studies 48(2) . (n.d.). 203-226.Bratton, Michael, Lewis, P., Boadi., E. G. (2001). Constituencies for Reform in Ghana. Journal of Modern African Studies, 231-259.Cincotta, H. (2004). Democracy in brief. Washington DC variation of US studies.Deth, k. n., Van Deth, J. W. (2005). The Democratic State. In Foundations of Comparative politics (p. 22). New York Cambridge University.Gupta, T. (2013, 12 4). preserve articles. Retrieved from preservearticles.com http//www.preservearticles.com/2012051632235/what-are-the-five-features-of-democracy.htmlHazan, P. (2006). Morocco Betting on a Truth and Reconciliation Commission. United States Institute of Peace Special Report 165 .Mountain, T. C. (2012). Destroying Africa With Western Democracy. Foreign policy journal, 72-96.Sarkin, j., Cook, A. (2008). Is Botswana the Miracle of Africa? Democracy, the Rule. TRANSNA TIONAL LAW CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS, 453-457. psyche Differences Trait Theory and idiosyncratic(prenominal) ConstructsIndividual Differences Trait Theory and own(prenominal) ConstructsMiss Emma Elizabeth Dorothy MeredithHow well does trait theory help us rede psyche differences? Discuss this question with reference to ain ca-ca theory.This study will explore trait theory and how it helps us to understand respective(prenominal) differences in resemblance with ain give theory. The basis of from each one nuzzle is trait theory delineates a reasonably solid characteristic which differentiates one individual from another, whereas personal spend a penny theory argues that individuals create their own way of making sense of the world through creating their own private structures. The believe will begin by outlining the main notions of the theories, to gain an keenness of how individual differences are perceived by each approach. This essay will aim to identify strengths a nd limitations in each approach and will conclude by evaluating the extent to which each theory can account for and explain individual differences.Trait theory is based in the amicable cognitive survey and developed from the experimental tradition to individual differences and which are seen as placed ways in which individuals can vary from each other ( prey, 2012). The aim of trait theory is to find commonplace dimensions from a broad cast of individuals, which would wherefore help theorists to predict the demeanour of an individual in certain situations. Individual differences are defined by using questionnaires as a measurement of character. This fits in well with the social cognitive approach which sees individuals as information processing beings in the social world (Hollway, 2012). Eysenck and Rachman (1965, cited base 2012) argued patrimonial and biological factors were responsible for constitution traits. By using psychometric tests, intentional to assess traits o f individuals, they sought to explore record causality. Eysencks theory suggests personality can be characterised by three precise traits (extraversion/introversion, neuroticism and psychoticism) suggesting each of these traits are characterised by particular behavioural attributes. From the data gained from Eysencks personality inventories (Eysenck and Eysenck, 1963, cited Butt 2012) they argued these traits are behavioural expressions of biologically based differences, similar to the four temperaments of Hippocrates and Galen from Ancient Greece. Eysenck and Rachmans (1965, cited Butt 2012) research claims there are two main dimensions of personality which are unrelated. These are extraversion and neuroticism and are behavioural definitions of differences in temperament. They argue these dimensions are grounded in autonomic and cortisol arousal and suggest the kin between behavioural patterns and inherent wit structure is similar to phenotype and genotype in biology (Butt 201 2). It was argued by Eysenck there could be a clinical application if main dimensions were found and connect to distinctive types of neurotic behaviour and may explain the some of the mental disorders some individuals acquire, which would allow for future treatment and interventions. Trait theories of personality describe personality in terms of characteristics such as, reliable unreliable, or sort traits, which have been recognised through factor analysis to form clusters into personality dimensions, for example, extraversion includes traits such as risk taking and sociability(Stevens 2007).Personal compose theory was developed by George Kelly (1955, cited Butt 2012 Stevens 2007), he focuse his work on individual differences and viewed personality as an individual understand (Stevens, 2007). It promotes takes which Kelly used to describe the bipolar dimensions (e.g. Friendly/cold, interesting/boring) which underlie the ways in which a person makes sense of their world (Stev ens 2007). Based in the phenomenological perspective, which focuses is on how things (especially other people) appear different to each individual, personal creation theory aims to understand how an individual uses their takingsive experiences to create a set of personal take a leaks which in turn help them to make sense of the world and to take account of the distinctiveness of each individuals personality (Butt 2012). Personal construct theory considers individual differences as taking account of and recognising each individuals view of the world and how this helps to create their personality and who they sire as an individual (Butt 2012 Stevens 2007). Kelly (1955, cited Butt 2012 Stevens 2007) argued it is peoples own experiences which build their set of constructs and these are used to evaluate situations. Two people assessing the same scenario will so see things differently, and this is where individual differences occur. Constructs are seen as being fluid and looking at o neself through anothers eyes, individuals can make conscious choices in order to change their view of the world and their personality (Butt 2012). However, as individuals put a lot of effort into building these constructions, Kelly (1955, cited Butt 2012) argued the individual may not wish to change them.Personal construct theory is grounded in subjective methodology. Kelly (1955, cited Butt 2012) developed the Repertory Grid to investigate the sets of personal constructs used by individuals. This works through the process of individuals designating constructs to all persons considered to be a part of their life. This enables the bipolar dimensions to be determined. When analysed it reveals the differences found in each individuals experiences and how they will assess the same person or situation in completely differing ways. If a person is rigid in their constructs they may believe an individual who is aloof would also be a cold person. Having this rigidity in a personality could l ead to relationship problems as opposed to someone with a more fluid personality. Constructs are created subconsciously, so by using the grid, individuals are able to gain insight and relate their own particular meaning to their surrounding environment which would not usually be available (Butt, 2012).A strength of personal construct theory is it adds a holistic pinch of individual differences. It also transcends both the individual-society dualism and agency-structure dualism, the individual is considered from their own experiences and also by being part of the social world (Hollway, 2012). Personal construct theory accepts people change and society can help in promoting this change. Personal construct theory does have limitations. The findings cannot be compared across a wider population. It is also a relatively new theory and as a result has not been researched or tried and true to the same extent as trait theory.Trait theory is an sr. theory and has been thoroughly researched and tested extensively. The methodology is fair game and the ontology views humans as information processing entities and by using personality measurements such as Eysencks personality inventory, larger groups of individuals can be compared. The aim is the objective measurement of individual differences. A biological reductionist attitude to individual differences was adopted by Eysenck suggesting traits are biologically determined, making them consistent and braggy predictive value. This reductionist approach means problems with dualism are avoided as the behaviour is reduced to physiological levels. This enables behaviour to be better understood. The objectivity and eubstance allows trait theory a broader range for application and its findings can be used to pinpoint trends within organisations. Being grounded in the experimental tradition the knowledge production is limited to the data with no reference to the influence of social environments and individual experiences (Hollw ay 2012).Trait theory does have other limitations, it only describes personality and identifies trends it does not explain it neither does it explain behaviour (Skinner 1974, cited Butt 2012). It is designed to measure reactions and consistency in the reactions of individuals in certain situations. Mischel (1968, cited Butt 2012) argued that trait theory methods reduced the complexity of human behaviour to become more general. He also argued that there is very little testify supporting the consistency in behaviour that is claimed by trait theorists take for granted that behaviour is fixed over time, compared to the considerable amount of substantial differentiate to support behaviours changing in time and in different situations.Compared with personal construct theory, trait theory is seen to be an apt way of considering personality resembling lay theories used by individuals when gauging others. Individuals are able to predict future behaviour assuming that these traits are cons istent (Butt 2012). Personality traits are seen as biological and rigid within trait theory and unlikely to change. As a result has it has a less practical use, compared with personal construct theory, in assisting changes in personality. Unlike personal constructs, how the individuals social life influences the individuals personality is not taken in to account within trait theory. As personal construct theory is subjective, in comparison to the objectivity of trait theory, it is set(p) in time and place whereas the situated knowledge displayed in the trait theory data from the questionnaires are specific to the stream situation and are not necessarily generalised therefore could be ecologically invalid when taken out of context. Individual personalities are considered to be rich with differences and largely taken in to account within personal constructs, which is not seen in trait theory (Butt 2012).As personal construct theory uses a qualitative interview method, any power that t he therapist has would be in drafting the questions needed to gain detail of the personal experiences of the client. The client can then interpret these and place onto the repertoire grid. The power relations found in personal construct theory are by no means to the same degree as those found within trait theory. The repertory grid method stop the researcher having much influence over the research findings and is a large strength of personal construct theory (Salmon 2003 cited Butt 2012). Trait theorists have more power over the individual, coming from the experimental tradition, it is argued that rather than whole showing an individuals personality traits accurately, the outcomes are heavily influenced by the personality and experience of the researcher as they have influence over the design of the questions and can manipulate this design. Therefore, trait theory findings have the potence to be inaccurate as individuals are judged against what is treated as prevalent by people who they believe are the authority on the subject (Mischel 1968, cited Butt 2012).Psychometric measures are used in education in such a way the result is pupils are only taught how to pass tests by their teachers. It was argued by Salmon (2003, cited Butt 2012) by teaching and scrutiny students in this way, the ability level becomes rigid and the learning becomes generalised. Students are then grouped according to how they have performed in the test and their individual personalities are ignored. Personal construct theory in contrast to trait theory, do not see students abilities as fixed but are middling fluid. Salmon (2003, cited Butt 2012) applied essential parts of personal construct theory to education and argued the way that trait theorists suggests children learn is false and children do not leave their own personal worlds at the door when they reckon the classroom. Instead meanings are derived from a personal system of understandings. In the way each students individualit y brings with it their own world and their own personality within world. This means they will have different views on learning styles to others, a type one pupil loves another may hate and Salmon argued to promote personal development and evoketh, schools need to take account of the current personal constructs held by each student. The Salmon byplay was later developed as a qualitative tool, where personal meanings are plotted on a line. These represent the students current abilities and their desired goals. This allows students to see how they are progressing and what they need to do to change and grow using their own meanings and sense of progression, and giving them an active part in their learning (Salmon 2003, cited Butt 2012).Trait theorists see traits as fixed, determined by biological factors and unchanging through the environment which would suggest individuals have no part in changing their personality traits and social structures to not have any bearing on personality t raits at all. However, the methodology used in trait theory means that it has a wide mount to be used across larger populations. In contrast, personal construct theory accepts people change and society facilitates that change, allowing for a better understanding as to why change happens in different situations, when this happens and how this happens. Variations of personal construct theory allows insight to change in the future, for example the Salmon bloodline helps to promote learning by allowing students to set their own objectives to their learning and be aware of what they need to change in their personality to achieve it. This doesnt make either of the theories right when it comes to explaining individuals difference, as demonstrated they both contribute to our understanding of individual differences in very contrasting ways, and both have their fair share of strengths and weaknesses.Word Count 2053ReferencesButt. T, (2012) Individual Differences in D. Langdridge, K. Mahnedr an, S. Taylor (2nd ed) slender Readings in social Psychology, Maidenhead, Open University fight back/Milton Keynes, The Open University.Hollway, W. (2012), Social psychology past and present in W. Hollway, H. Lucey, and A. Phoenix, (eds) Social Psychology Matters, Maidenhead, Open University undertake/Milton Keynes, The Open University.Hollway, W. (2012), Methods and knowledge in social psychology in W. Hollway, H. Lucey, and A. Phoenix, (eds) Social Psychology Matters, Maidenhead, Open University Press/Milton Keynes, The Open University.Stevens, R. (2007), Person Psychology psychoanalytic and humanistic perspectives. In D. Miell, A. Phoenix, K. Thomas (Eds), Mapping Psychology (2nd ed). Maidenhead, Open University Press/Milton Keynes, The Open University.